Snow cover monitoring in the Northern Patagonia Icefield using MODIS satellite images (2000–2006)     

Paulina Lopez  Pascal Sirguey  Yves Arnaud  Bernard Pouyaud  Pierre Chevallier 《Global and Planetary Change》2008,61(3-4):103-116

The snow cover of the Northern Patagonia Icefield (NPI) was monitored after applying the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and the Red/NIR band ratio to 134 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images captured between 2000 and 2006. The final results show that the snow cover extent of the NPI fluctuates a lot in winter, in addition to its seasonal behaviour. The minimum snow cover extent of the period (3600 km²) was observed in March 2000 and the maximum (11,623 km²) in August 2001. We found that temperature accounts for approximately 76% of the variation of the snow cover extent over the entire icefield. We also show two different regimes of winter snow cover fluctuations corresponding to the eastern and the western sides of the icefield. The seasonality of the snow cover on the western side was determined by temperature rather than precipitation, while on the east side the seasonality of the snow cover was influenced by the seasonal behaviour of both temperature and precipitation. This difference can be explained by the two distinct climates: coastal and continental. The fluctuations in the winter snow cover extent were more pronounced and less controlled by temperature on the western side than on the eastern side of the icefield. Snow cover extent was correlated with temperature R² = 0.75 and R² = 0.74 for the western and eastern sides, respectively. Since limited meteorological data are available in this region, our investigation confirmed that the change in snow cover is an interesting climatic indicator over the NPI providing important insights in mass balance comprehension. Since snow and ice were distinguished snow cover fluctuations can be associated to fluctuations in the snow accumulation area of the NPI. In addition, days with minimum snow covers of summer season can be associated to the period in which Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) is the highest.  相似文献   

Spatially distributed modelling of soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales in Spain   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Joris de Vente  Jean Poesen  Gert Verstraeten  Anton Van Rompaey  Gerard Govers 《Global and Planetary Change》2008,60(3-4):393-415

Initiated by the need to quantify erosion rates and the impacts of global changes on erosion, several attempts have been made to apply erosion models at regional scales. However, these models have often been directed towards on-site soil erosion estimates, emphasising sheet and rill erosion processes, and disregarding gully erosion, channel erosion and sediment transport. These models are therefore of limited use for the assessment of sediment yield, off-site impacts of erosion, and for the development of environmental management to control these impacts at regional scale. This study analyses and compares three spatially distributed models for the prediction of soil erosion and/or sediment yield at regional scales: the WATEM-SEDEM model that is based on the empirical Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in combination with a sediment transport equation, the physics-based Pan European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment model (PESERA), and a newly developed Spatially Distributed Scoring model (SPADS). The three models were applied to 61 Spanish drainage basins and model predictions were evaluated against data on measured reservoir sedimentation rates. Global data sets on land use, climate, elevation and soil characteristics were used as model input for WATEM-SEDEM and SPADS, whereas published soil erosion estimates of PESERA at 1 km² resolution were used directly. SPADS and WATEM-SEDEM provided best results after separate calibration for basins with a Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) higher than 5% and those with an SDR lower than 5%. In this way, SPADS explained 67% of variation in sediment yield, while WATEM-SEDEM explained 48% of the variation. PESERA represents a promising alternative to the use of empirical models at the regional scale as it can be applied to very diverse environments with little calibration. However, PESERA provides soil erosion rates and not sediment yield estimates. For most basins PESERA soil erosion rates vary between fifty and close to zero percent of total sediment yield. Two major factors may explain this discrepancy between modelled soil erosion rates and measured sediment yield. First, it may be that PESERA underestimates soil erosion under Mediterranean conditions, although PESERA soil erosion rates are of the same order of magnitude as erosion rates measured in erosion plot studies. Second, gully-, river channel erosion and sediment transport processes may be much more important than sheet- and rill erosion for regional scale sediment yield in these environments. These issues therefore require further attention in future model development. Although spatially lumped models provide better predictions of sediment yield at the basin scale, and while validation of the predicted spatial patterns of sources and sinks of sediment requires further research, spatially distributed models are expected to be of value to support management decisions regarding the assessment of on-site and off-site impacts of erosion at the regional scale.  相似文献   

济阳坳陷西部惠民凹陷第三纪火山岩型油藏成藏机理研究   总被引：12，自引：4，他引：8  

初宝杰  向才富  姜在兴  夏斌  于俊峰 《大地构造与成矿学》2004,28(2):201-208

在全面剖析济阳坳陷惠民凹陷第三纪火成岩空间分布规律的基础上 ,对本区火山岩的成藏机理进行了深入研究 ,总结了惠民凹陷火山岩型油气藏的成藏模式。惠民凹陷的主要烃源岩来自于南部的临南洼陷和北部的滋镇洼陷 ,由于本区火成岩主要沿 2个生烃凹陷间隆起带的临邑帚状断裂带展布 ,保证了火山岩带有充足的油源条件。油气运移的输导体系是由渗透性砂岩、断层、裂缝和不整合面的三维空间组合 ,研究区的临邑帚状断裂带、多期发育的裂缝和不整合面对油气向火山岩储层的运移至关重要。储集空间是储层质量好坏的决定因素 ,惠民凹陷的火山岩储层存在各种的原生储集空间 ,同时由于次生的断层活动和火成岩拱张作用形成了丰富的次生储集空间 ,极大地改善了本区火成岩的储层物性 ,是本区形成各类火成岩圈闭和油藏的保证。本区火成岩存在 3种类型的油气藏 ,即火成岩作为储层、火成岩作为盖层或遮挡层以及火成岩侵入动力型油气藏  相似文献   

东营凹陷下第三系层序地层研究与隐蔽油气藏预测   总被引：18，自引：3，他引：15  

张德武  冯有良  邱以钢  闵伟  郭玉新  赵乐强  向立宏 《沉积学报》2004,22(1):67-72

应用层序地层学理论,利用地震、测井、岩心和分析化验资料,建立了东营凹陷下第三系层序界面识别标志,把东营凹陷下第三系划分为 1个超层序组,4个超层序,10个层序,进行体系域划分,建立了东营凹陷下第三系层序地层格架。构造坡折带是指由同沉积构造长期活动引起的沉积斜坡明显突变的地带,对盆地充填的可容纳空间和沉积作用可产生重要影响。通过层序地层格架与构造坡折带的研究,建立东营凹陷层序发育模式。受构造坡折带控制的层序低位域砂体和湖侵体系域砂体,成藏条件良好,最有利于形成隐蔽油气藏。  相似文献   

辽宁省大民屯凹陷流体化学场特征及油气成藏意义   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  

史建南  姜建群  李明葵 《地质科技情报》2004,23(1):63-68

从地层水化学场、油气组成的非均质性两方面对辽宁省大民屯凹陷前第三系古潜山和下第三系沙河街组的流体化学场特征进行了分析.结果表明,该区地层水运动规律与油气运移模式吻合较好,即流体以"垂向流动"为主,受断裂和沉积砂体的控制,由沉积中心的中、深部沿断裂垂向运移,而后在各断块内侧向运移至各断块的高部位,横向运移效应只在局部小范围内规律显著,构成了典型的离心状渗流体系.在地层水水头压力、浮力动力场控制下该区形成了自生自储、下生上储、新生古储型油藏.  相似文献   

中国优质碎屑岩深层储层控制因素综述   总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16  

李会军  吴泰然  吴波  朱雷  郭光立 《地质科技情报》2004,23(4):76-82

根据中国深层储层分布广,地质条件差异大的实际情况,认为沉积环境、地温、深埋藏时间、溶解与胶结作用、烃类充注、异常压力、绿泥石环边为深层储层的主要控制因素,并对每一种因素作了具体分析,指出深层储层的分布可以用3种模式来进行预测。  相似文献   

Methane-rich fluid inclusions and their hosting volcanic reservoir rocks of the Songliao Basin, NE China     

WANG Pu-Jun  HOU Qi-jun  CHENG Ri-hui  Li Quan-lin  GUO Zhen-hua  HUANG Yu-long 《世界地质(英文版)》2004,7(2)

Methane-rich fluids were recognized to be hosted in the reservoir volcanic rocks as primary inclusions.Samples were collected from core-drillings of volcanic gas reservoirs with reversed δ12C of alkane in the Xujiaweizi depression of the Songliao Basin. The volcanic rocks are rhyolite dominant being enriched in the more incompatible elements like Cs, Rb, Ba, Th, U and Th with relative high LREE, depleted HREE and negative anomalies of Ti and Nb,suggesting a melt involving both in mantle source and crustal assimilation. Primary fluids hosted in the volcanic rocks should have the same provenance with the magma. The authors concluded that the enclosed CH4 in the volcanics are mantle/magma-derived alkane and the reversed δ13C of alkane in the corresponding gas reservoirs is partly resulted from mixture between biogenic and abiogenic gases.  相似文献   

储层预测和油藏描述中的一些沉积学问题   总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8  

王多云  李凤杰  王峰  刘自亮  王志坤  李树同  秦红 《沉积学报》2004,22(2):193-197

储层预测和油藏描述方法技术已经在油气资源勘探开发工程中发挥着日益重要的作用。然而,在重视其方法进步与技术创新的同时,更要注重其丰富的石油地质学内涵。特别是研究对象为岩性、地层等隐蔽油气藏时,其核心内容涉及到沉积地质学的诸多理论问题。基于此因,本文针对我国陆相盆地河流-三角洲-湖泊沉积体系中岩性油气藏的特点,对储层预测和油藏描述中一些诸如:研究对象的背景及其地质基础;油气藏的储层相构形描述;三角洲前缘储层的成因类型及其描述;小尺度岩相制图、成藏要素及目标优选以及以流动单元为对象的储层三维构形研究与油藏描述等沉积地质学的问题给予了阐述。强调储层预测和油藏描述技术离不开沉积地质学这一根本基础。  相似文献   

沉积盆地异常低压(负压)与油气分布   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  

金博  刘震  张荣新  郭锋 《地球学报》2004,25(3):351-356

在沉积盆地油气勘探过程中,异常压力与油气聚集的关系愈显密切,而异常压力不仅仅是指异常高压,国内外在发现许多异常高压油气藏的同时,也发现了相当数量的异常低压油气藏,而且异常低压在世界许多盆地中均有分布。因此,深入研究异常低压的形成机理及与油气分布的关系,同样重要和不容忽视。本文介绍了异常低压的概念、特征和分类,详细分析了异常低压的形成机制：地层剥蚀卸载后的弹性回返(反弹)作用、流体的供排不平衡、轻烃的扩散作用、断裂和不整合面的压力释放作用、渗透作用和温度变化等;最后论述了异常低压与油气分布的关系。  相似文献   

库车坳陷下侏罗统岩石古应力场与砂岩储层性质   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

寿建峰  斯春松  张达 《地球学报》2004,25(4):447-452

对库车坳陷下侏罗统野外定向岩石样品的岩石力学性质的测试结果表明,下侏罗统以压扁变形明显、拉伸变形较弱为特点。自侏罗纪以来,该区经历了至少4期古构造变形作用,其变形方式主要为近EW向的以脆性变形为主的褶皱变形作用。在平面上,该区明显地表现为东弱西强的构造挤压变形特征,并对砂岩的储层性质产生重要影响。东区平均古构造应力值为19．8～28．3MPa,对应的平均砂岩孔隙度为17．1％;西区平均古构造应力值为62．6～80．1MPa,对应的平均砂岩孔隙度为6．4％～4．6％。  相似文献